Symptoms of Gum Disease

Symptoms vary depending on how far the disease has progressed and may include:

• Swollen or tender gums
• Red, inflamed gums
• Gums that bleed easily
• Gum recession
• Loose teeth
• Persistent bad breath
• Pain or discomfort while chewing

Causes and Stages of Gum Disease

Gum disease is primarily caused by plaque, a film of bacteria that forms on teeth after eating. If not removed through regular brushing, plaque irritates the gums and can progress through two main stages:

Gingivitis

This is the earliest stage. Gums become red, swollen, and may bleed easily. Gingivitis is generally mild and can be reversed with professional dental cleaning and good oral hygiene habits at home.

Periodontitis

If untreated, gingivitis can develop into periodontitis—a more severe form of gum disease. At this stage, the gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets where bacteria collect. Bone and connective tissue supporting the teeth start to break down, which may lead to tooth loosening or loss.

Treatment of Gum Disease

Treating gum disease typically involves a periodontist and depends on how advanced the disease is. Common treatment options include:

Scaling and Root Planing

A deep-cleaning procedure that removes plaque and bacteria from below the gumline and along the tooth roots, helping the gums reattach to clean surfaces.

Medications

Antibiotics or antimicrobial agents may be prescribed to fight infection and reduce the size of gum pockets, promoting healing and reducing inflammation.

Surgical Treatments

If non-surgical therapies are unsuccessful, surgical interventions such as flap surgery may be needed to access and clean deep gum pockets. Gum or bone grafts can help rebuild areas damaged by periodontitis.

Prevention of Gum Disease

Most gum disease is preventable with good dental care. Key recommendations include:

• Brush and floss daily
• Avoid tobacco use
• Maintain a healthy diet
• Visit your dentist regularly for exams and cleanings

Prompt dental care is essential if you notice any signs of gum disease. Early intervention can prevent more serious complications and protect your oral health.